1. Tables: A table is a collection of related data stored in a structured format within a database. For example, a customer table might contain the columns customer_id, first_name, last_name, email, and address.
2. Views: A view is a virtual table based on the result set of an SQL statement. For example, a view might contain all customer records from the customer table who have an email address.
3. Indexes: An index is a performance-tuning method of allowing faster retrieval of records. For example, an index on the customer_id column of the customer table would allow faster retrieval of customer records.
4. Sequences: A sequence is an object used to generate unique numbers. For example, a sequence might be used to generate customer_id numbers for new customer records.
5. Stored Procedures: A stored procedure is a set of SQL statements that can be stored in the database and executed as a single unit. For example, a stored procedure might be used to generate a report based on a set of parameters.
6. Triggers: A trigger is a stored procedure that is executed when a certain event occurs. For example, a trigger might be used to update a customer’s address when their record is updated in the customer table.