1. Kernel: The kernel is the core of the operating system and is responsible for managing the system’s resources, such as memory and processor time. An example of a UNIX kernel is Linux.
2. Shell: The shell is a command line interface that allows the user to interact with the system. Examples of UNIX shells include Bash, Zsh, and Korn.
3. Utilities: Utilities are programs that allow the user to perform specific tasks. Examples of UNIX utilities include grep, find, and awk.
4. File System: The file system is the structure in which files and directories are stored and managed. Examples of UNIX file systems include ext2, ext3, and ext4.
5. Networking: Networking allows multiple computers to communicate with each other. Examples of UNIX networking protocols include TCP/IP, NFS, and SSH.