1. Integrating legacy systems: Many industrial automation systems are based on legacy systems and components that are no longer supported or updated. This can create challenges when trying to integrate these systems with more modern components. For example, a legacy system may require a specific protocol or interface that is no longer supported by newer components.

2. Interoperability: Many industrial automation systems are composed of components from different vendors. This can create challenges when trying to ensure that all components can communicate and work together properly. For example, different vendors may use different protocols or interfaces, which can make it difficult to connect them.

3. Security: Industrial automation systems can be vulnerable to cyber-attacks, which can cause disruptions or even damage to the system. It is important to ensure that the system is properly secured and protected from potential threats.

4. Cost: Industrial automation systems can be expensive to implement and maintain. This can be a challenge when trying to keep costs down while still ensuring the system is reliable and secure.

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